Alwan, A. A., Ahmed, S., Nwokoye, A., Alhendi, A. A., Ibrahim, O., and Alhseinat, E. (2024). Recent advances in the application of magnetic/electromagnetic field for water desalination.
Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes, 427-459.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99311-1.00010-6
Antony, A., Low, J. H., Gray, S., Childress, A. E., Le-Clech, P., and Leslie, G. (2011). Scale formation and control in high-pressure membrane water treatment systems: A review. Journal of membrane science, 383(1-2), 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.08.054
Bisbee, D. (2003). Pulse-Power Water Treatment Systems for Cooling Towers. Energy Efficiency & Customer Research & Development Sacramento Municipal Utility District.
Beaty, H. W. (2001). Chapter One, Basic Network Analysis, HANDBOOK OF ELECTRIC POWER CALCULATIONS. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, pp. 14-16, 19 and 23-27
Chase, D. V. (2022). Chapter Four, Volumetric Flowrate, Velocity and the Continuity Equation, Open Educational Resource: Civil Engineering Course Notes. Pp. 182.
Chen, L., Xu, P., and Wang, H. (2020). Interplay of the factors affecting water flux and salt rejection in membrane distillation: A state-of-the-art critical review.
Water,
12(10), 2841.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102841
Conway, J.M. (2002). Electronic Scale Treatment, a Commercial and Industrial Article, Clear Water Enviro Technologies, Available from: http://www.wqpmag. com/sites/default/files/_P.14-16%20Scale%204_02.pdf
Du, X., Perera, H., Ahasan, T., Wang, Y., Shu, F., Wang, H., ... and Xu, P. (2025). Mechanisms of electromagnetic field control on mineral scaling in brackish water reverse osmosis: Combined homogenous and heterogeneous nucleation. Separation and Purification Technology, 355, 129630. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c14658
Du, X., Jiang, W., Wang, Y., Shu, F., Wang, H., Vazquez, D., ... and Xu, P. (2024). Numerical modeling of electromagnetic field spatiotemporal evolution to evaluate the effects on calcium carbonate crystallization.
Desalination,
592, 118128.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2024.118128
Geise, G. M., Lee, H. S., Miller, D. J., Freeman, B. D., McGrath, J. E., and Paul, D. R. (2010). Water purification by membranes: the role of polymer science.
Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics,
48(15), 1685-1718.
https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.22037
Greenlee, L. F., Lawler, D. F., Freeman, B. D., Marrot, B., and Moulin, P. (2009). Reverse osmosis desalination: water sources, technology, and today's challenges. Water research, 43(9), 2317-2348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010
Huchler, L. A., Mar, P. E., and Lawrenceville, N. J. (2002, October). Non-chemical water treatment systems: histories, principles and literature review. In International Water Conference (pp. 02-45). Available from:
https://www.thomasnet.com/pdf.php?prid=100429
Kucera, J. (2023). Chapter two, Principles and Terminology, Reverse osmosis. John Wiley & Sons. Pp. 35 and 38.
Lee, H. J., Halali, M. A., Baker, T., Sarathy, S., and de Lannoy, C. F. (2020). A comparative study of RO membrane scale inhibitors in wastewater reclamation: Antiscalants versus pH adjustment.
Separation and Purification Technology,
240, 116549.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116549
Lee, J., Ren, X., Yu, H. W., Kim, S. J., and Kim, I. S. (2010). Membrane biofouling of seawater reverse osmosis initiated by sporogenic Bacillus strain. Environmental Engineering Research, 15(3), 141-147.
https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2010.15.3.141
Lin, L., Jiang, W., Xu, X., and Xu, P. (2020). A critical review of the application of electromagnetic fields for scaling control in water systems: mechanisms, characterization, and operation.
NPJ Clean Water,
3(1), 25.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-020-0071-9
MOERE, (2025). Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy.
Matin, A., Laoui, T., Falath, W., and Farooque, M. (2021). Fouling control in reverse osmosis for water desalination & reuse: Current practices & emerging environment-friendly technologies.
Science of the Total Environment,
765, 142721.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142721
Pearson, J. L., Michael, P. R., Ghaffour, N., and Missimer, T. M. (2021). Economics and Energy Consumption of Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Desalination: Innovations and Impacts of Feedwater Quality.
Membranes,
11(8), 616.
https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080616
Penteado de Almeida, J., Stoll, Z., and Xu, P. (2023). An Alternating, Current-Induced Electromagnetic Field for Membrane Fouling and Scaling Control during Desalination of Secondary Effluent from Municipal Wastewater.
Water,
15(12), 2234.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122234
Razavi, B. (2021). Fundamentals of Microelectronics. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 381-384 and 660-661
Saksono, N., Bismo, S., Widaningroem, R., and Manaf, A. (2011). Formation of CaCO3 particle and conductivity of Na2CO3 and CaCl2 solution under magnetic field on dynamic fluid system.
Makara Journal of Technology,
15(1), 14.
https://doi.org/10.7454/mst. v15i1.862.
Schoenbach, K. H., Alden, R. W., and Fox, T. J. (1996, June). Biofouling prevention with pulsed electric fields. In Proceedings of 1996 International Power Modulator Symposium (pp. 75-78). IEEE.
10.1109/MODSYM.1996.564454
Skoog D. A.; West D. M., and Holler F. J. (1996). Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 7th Edition, Thomson Learning, Inc, USA.
Taherinejad, M., Derakhshan, S., and Yavarinasab, A. (2017). Hydrodynamic analysis of spiral wound reverse osmosis membrane recovery fraction and permeate water flow rate.
Desalination,
411, 59-68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.02.009
Thompson, J., Lin, N., Lyster, E., Arbel, R., Knoell, T., Gilron, J., and Cohen, Y. (2012). RO membrane mineral scaling in the presence of a biofilm. Journal of Membrane Science, 415, 181-191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.04.051
Rouina, M., Kariminia, H. R., Mousavi, S. A., and Shahryari, E. (2016). Effect of electromagnetic field on membrane fouling in reverse osmosis process.
Desalination,
395, 41-45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.05.009
)
View on SCiNiTO