تحسين خصائص السماد العضوى لمخلفات الدواجن بإضافة الفحم الحيوى

نوع المستند : Original Article

المؤلفون

1 أستاذ – قسم الهندسة الزراعية والنظم الحيوية – كلية الزراعة بالشاطبي – جامعة الإسكندرية - مصر وأستاذ مساعد بقسم الهندسة الزراعية – كلية علوم الأغذية والزراعة - جامعة الملك سعود – المملكة العربية السعودية.

2 مهندس – كلية علوم الأغذية والزراعة – جامعة الملك سعود - المملكة العربية السعودية.

3 أستاذ مساعد - قسم الهندسة الزراعية والنظم الحيوية – كلية الزراعة بالشاطبي – جامعة الإسكندرية – مصر.

المستخلص

تعتبر عملية تحويل مخلفات الدواجن إلى سماد عضوي الخيار الأفضل، لكن التحدي في معالجة المخلفات النيتروجينية هو سهولة فقد النيتروجين وزيادة انبعاث الميثان. ولذا تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تحديد أفضل نسبة خلط للفحم الحيوي لإنتاج السماد العضوي من فرشة الطيور واختبار درجة نضج وثبات السماد الناتج. تمت إضافة الفحم الحيوي إلى فرشة الدواجن بنسب 0٪، 5٪، 10٪، و20٪ بالوزن لإنتاج سماد باستخدام مفاعلات حيوية أسطوانية. وقد بينت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن إضافة الفحم الحيوي إلى فرشة الدواجن أعطت عدة مؤشرات أولية (ارتفاع درجة حرارة الكومبوست لأكثر من 55 ºم، وانخفاض نسبة المادة العضوية والمادة الصلبة المتطايرة) لإمكانية إنتاج سماد عضوي ذو خصائص مقبولة. أظهرت النتائج أن إضافة 10-20٪ من الفحم الحيوي إلى فضلات الدواجن حققت أعلى متوسط ​​درجة حرارة (62.2 و67.5 ºم على التوالي) بعد 48 ساعة من بدء التشغيل.  يعتبر انخفاض النسبة المئوية للمواد العضوية والمواد الصلبة المتطايرة والرماد خلال المرحلة النشطة مؤشرات على زيادة النشاط الميكروبي وتحليل المواد العضوية. أثبتت اختبارات النضج والثبات (مؤشر Solvita واختبار Dewar) وكذلك اختبار السمية النباتية (مؤشر الإنبات) أن السماد الذي يحتوي على 10-20 ٪ فحم حيوي، يعتبر سماد ناضج ومستقر مع انخفاض نسبة الأمونيا فيه. لذلك فإن إضافة الفحم الحيوي إلى فرشة الدواجن يؤدي إلى تحسين التجانس وبناء الخليط وتحفيز النشاط الميكروبي في خليط السماد، وهذا له آثار اقتصادية جيدة من حيث تسريع عملية إنتاج السماد.  

الكلمات الرئيسية

الموضوعات الرئيسية


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