DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY KILNS FOR PRODUCTION OF CHARCOAL

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assist. Res., Ag. Operations Mech. Systems Dept., Ag. Eng. Res. Inst., ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

2 Prof. of Ag. Eng., Ag. and Biosystems Eng. Dept., Fac. of Ag. (Moshtohor), Benha U., Egypt.

3 Head of Res., Ag. Operations Mech. Systems Dept., Ag. Eng. Res. Inst., ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Abstract

The aim of this study is to develop an environment friendly kiln to reduce emissions and the energy used in the operation of carbonization. The studied factors are two types of wood were used namely “casuarina and citrus” with different moisture-contents of 6.8 and13.1% at pyrolysis temperatures of 300, 350,400 and 450 OC. The main results in this study can be summarized in the following points: The maximum charcoal yield of 50.38 % was obtained with casuarina wood moisture-content of 6.8 % and kiln temperature of 300 OC. Meanwhile, the minimum charcoal yield of 32.14 %. was obtained with wood moisture-content of 13.08 % and kiln temperature of 450 OC. The maximum CO2 of 17082 mg/m3 was obtained using emission treatment by burning at kiln temperature of 350 OC. Moreover, the minimum CO2 of 2044.8 mg/m3 was obtained using emission treatment by burning and chemicals at kiln temperature of 50 OC. The maximum CO of 1859.3 mg/m3 was obtained without emission treatment at kiln temperature of 350 OC. Moreover, the minimum CO of 156.9 mg/m3 was obtained using emission treatment by burning and chemicals at kiln temperature of 50 OC. The highest charcoal production-cost of 9.84 L.E./kg of was obtained by using “burning + chemical” emissions-treatment at kiln temperature of 450 oC and moisture content of 13.08 %. Meanwhile, the minimum production cost of 3.21 L.E./kg was obtained by using burning emissions-treatment of kiln temperature of 300 oC and moisture content of 6.8%.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Adam, J. C.  )2009( Improved and more environmentally friendly charcoal production system using a low-cost retort–kiln (Eco-charcoal), Renewable Energy (34): 1923–1925.
Awady, M. N. (1978) Engineering of tractors and agricultural machinery, Text Bk., col. Ag, Ain-shams Univ., 5 th. Ed.: 164 - 167.
CAPMAS “Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics”, 2019.
Delmas, R. A., A. Marenco, J. P. Tathy, B.  Cros, and J. G. Baudet. )1991(. Sources and sinks of methane in the African Savanna.  .96(D4):7287–99.
ES: 6122/2008. Egypt standards. Charcoal. Part1: general requirement for charcoal used as fuels.
FAO.)2017( Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Principles, criteria and indicators for sustainable charcoal production, criteria and indicators for sustainable wood fuels, P: 150-155.
Foley, G. )2001( Sustainable wood fuel supplies from the dry tropical woodlands. Washington (DC, USA): ESMAP.
Gomaa, A. H and M.Fathi )2010( A simple Charcoal Kiln for hard woods or another dense Biomass. ICEHM2000, Cairo University, Egypt: 167- 174.
Kaale, B. K. )2005(. Baseline study on biomass energy conservation in Tanzania. SADC Programme for Biomass Energy Conservation (ProBEC) Report.355.
Keita, J. D. (2010) “Wood or Charcoal – which is better” Unasylva - No. 157-158 - Small-scale forest enterprises. Vol. 39, 1987/3 and 4, An international journal of forestry and forestindustries, FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations, Rome.
Kurt, G. (1979) Engineering formulas, 3rd Ed., MacGraw Hill Book N. Y.
Mady, M. A. (1999) developing a manual cutting machine suitable for mechanical cutting stalks. Misr J. Agric. Eng., 16(3):449 - 459.
Mugo, F and T. Gathui (2010) Biomass energy use in Kenya. In A background paper prepared for the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) for an International ESPA workshop on biomass energy: 19–21.
Rautiainen, M. )2014( Torrefied and carbonized wood, fuel properties and turn of exothermic reaction. M. Sc. thesis. Forest Sciences. Dept, Agriculture and Forestry. Fact. of Engineering, Helsinki Uviv.30-36.
Reumerman, P. J and B. Frederiks  (2012) Charcoal Production with Reduced Emissions, 12th European Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, Amsterdam.
Ronsse, F., D. Dickinson., R. Nachenius, and W. Prins. (2013). Biomass pyrolysis and bio char characterizationDepartment of Bio systems Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University (Belgium) pp:1-24.
Terrie, K. B. (2006) Understanding units of measurement. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens.